비소 (As)

발견 과정

발견: 1300 · Albertus Magnus

The word arsenic has its origin in the Syriac word ܙܪܢܝܟܐ zarnika, from Arabic al-zarnīḵ الزرنيخ 'the orpiment', based on Persian zar ("gold") from the word زرنيخ zarnikh, meaning "yellow" (literally "gold-colored") and hence "(yellow) orpiment". It was adopted into Greek (using folk etymology) as arsenikon (ἀρσενικόν) – a neuter form of the Greek adjective arsenikos (ἀρσενικός), meaning "male", "virile". Latin-speakers adopted the Greek term as arsenicum, which in French ultimately became arsenic, whence the English word "arsenic". Arsenic sulfides (orpiment, realgar) and oxides have been known and used since ancient times. Zosimos (c. 300 AD) describes roasting sandarach (realgar) to obtain cloud of arsenic (arsenic trioxide), which he then reduces to gray arsenic. As the symptoms of arsenic poisoning are not very specific, the substance was frequently used for murder until the advent

용도와 활용

Compounds of arsenic resemble, in some respects, those of phosphorus, which occupies the same group (column) of the periodic table. The most common oxidation states for arsenic are: −3 in the arsenides, which are alloy-like intermetallic compounds, +3 in the arsenites, and +5 in the arsenates and most organoarsenic compounds. Arsenic also bonds readily to itself as seen in the square As43− ions in the mineral skutterudite. In the +3 oxidation state, arsenic is typically pyramidal owing to the influence of the lone pair of electrons.

동위원소

Arsenic occurs naturally as a single stable isotope, 75As. Synthetic radioisotopes are known from 64As to 95As, as well as at least 11 isomers. The most stable of these are 73As with a half-life of 80.30 days and 74As with a half-life of 17.77 days, followed by 71As (65.30 hours), 77As (38.79 hours), 76As (26.24 hours), and 72As (26.0 hours). All others have half-lives under 100 minutes and most under one minute. Isotopes lighter than the stable one generally decay by positron emission or electron capture to germanium isotopes, while those heavier beta decay to selenium isotopes. A notable exception is that 74As decays both ways.