أستاتين (At)

الاكتشاف والتاريخ

تاريخ الاكتشاف: 1940 · Emilio G. Segrè

In 1869, when Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table, the space under iodine was empty; after Niels Bohr established the physical basis of the classification of chemical elements, it was suggested that the fifth halogen belonged there. Before its officially recognized discovery, it was called "eka-iodine" (from Sanskrit eka 'one') to imply it was one space under iodine (in the same manner as eka-silicon, eka-boron, and others). Scientists tried to find it in nature; given its extreme rarity, these attempts resulted in several false discoveries. The first claimed discovery of eka-iodine was made by Fred Allison and his associates at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now Auburn University) in 1931. The discoverers named element 85 "alabamine", and assigned it the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley

الاستخدامات والتطبيقات

Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the natural halogens; the chemical properties of the artificial element tennessine, the next-heavier group 17 element, have not yet been investigated. Astatine compounds have been synthesized in nano-scale amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their radioactive disintegration. The reactions involved have been typically tested with dilute solutions of astatine mixed with larger amounts of iodine. Acting as a carrier, the iodine ensures there is sufficient material for laboratory techniques (such as filtration and precipitation) to work. Like iodine, astatine has been shown to adopt odd-numbered oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7. Only a few compounds with metals have been reported, in the form of astatides of sodium, palladium, silver, thallium, and lead. Some characteristic properties of silver and sodium as

النظائر

All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. There are 41 known isotopes of astatine, with mass numbers of 188 and 190–229. The two lightest isotopes, astatine-190 and astatine-188, were discovered in 2023 and 2025 respectively at the University of Jyväskylä's accelerator laboratory in Finland. Astatine-188, with a half-life of about 190 microseconds, is the heaviest nucleus known to decay by proton emission. Theoretical modeling suggests that about 37 more isotopes could exist. No stable or long-lived astatine isotope has been observed, nor is one expected to exist. Astatine's alpha decay energies follow the same trend as for other heavy elements. Lighter astatine isotopes have quite high energies of alpha decay, which become lower as the nuclei become heavier. Astatine-211 has a significantly higher energy than the previous